27考研柴荣英一2012年T3阅读精讲课堂笔记

文章解析

第一段

In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences. Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
开篇方式：对比（idealize vs practice）
中心思想：科学发现过程充满不确定性和复杂性
31题解析：定位句“ambiguous+complicated”，选项[A] uncertainty and complexity正确。

第二段

Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s ‘me, here, now’ becomes the community’s ‘anyone, anywhere, anytime’. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
32题解析→定位句“collective scrutiny and acceptance”，选项[B] shared efforts（高度概括）正确。

第三段

Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries, editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process, other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes, and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
33题解析→定位句“transform A into B”，选项[B] has been examined by the scientific community正确。

第四段

Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on incomplete or incorrect aspects of prevailing knowledge. Duplication/confirmation of known content yields little reward; the goal is new-search, not re-search. Second, novelty provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate Szent-Gyirgvi described discovery as ‘seeing what everyone has seen, thinking what no one has thought’.
34题解析→定位句“thinking what no one has thought”，选项[D] scientific work calls for a critical mind正确。

第五段

In the end, credibility ‘happens’ to a discovery claim—a process corresponding to philosopher Annette Baier’s ‘commons of the mind’: ‘We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and conceptions of reason.’
35题解析→全文串线（discovery/credibility/process），选项[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science正确。

核心考点

• 逻辑关系词：idealized vs practice, similar, unlike, two paradoxes, in the end
• 同义替换：community=collective, scrutiny=inspection, evolution=process
• 熟词僻义：context(环境), challenge(质疑), reason(推理)
• 词组：carry out, prior knowledge, transform…into, work one’s way through